Bombarda

Patients of the oldest psychiatric hospital in Lisbon left an artistic footprint

The former hospital Miguel Bombarda in de Rua Dr Almeida Amaral in Lisbon was the first psychiatric hospital in Portugal. The history of the building goes back to the beginning of the 18th century, when there was an estate called Rilhafoles, on which in 1720, a monastery for the nuns of S. Vincent of Paul (Congregação da Missão de S. Vincente do Paulo) was build.

After the Portuguese government banned all religious orders in 1834, the building was occupied by students of the military college (Colégio Militar) until1848, after which it was transformed into a mental hospital called the Rilhafoles Hospital for the Insane (Hospital dos Alienados de Rilhafoles).

In 1892 doctor Miguel Bombarda was appointed director there. This physician, born in Rio de Janeiro, was trained in Lisbon and devoted himself to the mentally ill. He taught at the Medical Faculty on Lisbon’s second hilltop (Campo Santana) and founded – together with the famous surgeon Sousa Martins – the medical journal Medicina Contemporânea.

Under Bombarda’s leadership, a special Security Pavilion was constructed behind the hospital – for patients who had committed a crime – a rare panoptic building. Cells strung together in a circle with a lookout at the centre from which patients could be permanently observed. A model designed by the English philosopher Jeremy Bentham.

In addition to being an inventive physician, Bombarda also was a passionate politician, who wanted to abolish the monarchy. But just one day before the Republic was proclaimed on the 5th of October 1910, he was shot by an ex-patient in his consultation room. One year later, the name of the hospital changed to Hospital Miguel Bombarda, in honor of its late director.

After the closure of the hospital in 2011, a real estate developer bought the hospital grounds to build residential towers on it but the government didn’t allow that since the buildings are part of the cultural heritage. Nowadays, the panopticon is a forgotten building in the heart of Lisbon.

Fortunately, since last year, a group of volunteers is rescuing it from degradation by highlighting the art made by psychiatric patients at the time. Part of that artistic legacy can be admired in two rooms, remnants of a proto-museum founded by the late Bombarda, but since long closed to the public.

Here we encounter paintings from the dancer Valentim de Barros, who spent most of his life in a panoptic cell. Hospitalized in the late 1930s – apparently only for his homosexuality – he died in 1986 on the same day he was discharged. Another patient Jaime Fernandes became famous with his outsider art, which reached the Gulbenkian Foundation and the Bruta Art Collection in Lausanne, Switzerland.

But most of the patients who left work are anonymous, emphasizes Stefanie Franco, a university researcher focusing on the relationship between art and psychiatry, which aroused a vivid interest in the international cultural arena for many years. The pioneering collection of Lausanne – started in 1945 – continues to be a reference.

However, the bulk of the collection – consisting of thousands of drawings, paintings, photographs and tiles – is stored in the basements of the Júlio de Matos Hospital, still to be fully inventoried and waiting for a proper destination. ‘This is a mission’, says Amélia Lérias, a former psychiatrist at Bombarda, charged with the task of inventorying. ‘What we have here is of great wealth and needs institutional protection.’

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CO2

‘World’s 1.5C climate target ‘deader than a doornail’ – the Guardian

The internationally 2015 Paris agreement to keep the world’s temperature below 1.5C in 2050 will not be achieved – with 2024 being the year above this threshold – despite the current gathering of world’s decision-makers at the United Nations COP29 summit in Baku, Azerbajan.   

In 2030, the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from the EU is expected to reach 49% – according to the EEA (European Environment Agency) – still far from its target of 55%. However, even this goal would be insufficient to meet the Paris Agreement and shows that much more ambition is needed.

Although Portugal is trying its best – from 2005 to 2022 it reduced 34% of its emissions –  the country definitely doesn’t belong to the frontrunners in the EU (like Sweden) but is at the average of all EU countries in terms of emissions.

There are sectors that are being difficult to decarbonize. ‘Transport, Agriculture and Waste are still far from reaching the sectorial goals defined for 2030’, says the State of the Environment Report (REA) released by the Portuguese Environment Agency last month.  

With the exception of the railways, emissions from all other means of transport increased. In particular, the evolution of sectors such as aviation and the oil industry are cause of concern. The major emissions zones are all close to the sea, but two stand out, the Galp refinery in Sines and the Humberto Delgado airport in Lisbon.

The international airport is the most polluting with 3.5 million tons and emissions continue to increase, with special thanks to private aviation.

Portugal is on the list of 20 countries with the most jet planes for the private market. The country is in 14th place, with an equivalent of 1.5 jets per 100,000 residents. Behind the USA (5.4/100,000) and Switzerland (3.7/100,000) but ahead of the UK (0.8/100,000) and Germany (0.7/100,000). The ‘golden visas’ definitely explain its ranking on the list.

Although Galp’s refinery in Sines recorded a decline last year, it will still emit cerca 2.2 million tons this year. ‘Galp’s intention to review its decarbonization targets – due to the discovery of oil in Namibia – and the slower execution of renewable projects is very worrying, the environmental movement ZERO said in a statement.

The port of Sines appears in 3rd place with 1.2 million tons and an upward trend since 2021. Carnes Landeiro in Barcelos, the Ribatejo Thermoelectric Power Plant in Carregado and the Cimpor’s Cement factory in Souselas are in 4th, 5th and 6th place, respectively.

With a centre-right government in power since the beginning of this year, environmentalists fear the focus on technology and economy could undermine the climate transition. They are calling on the government to uphold the country’s 2045 goal for reaching carbon neutrality, rather than delaying it until 2050 as far-right groups are pushing for.  


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Scapegoats

Crime by immigrants hasn’t increased. Crime against them has.

The idea that an increase in immigration brings more crime is a myth! This concludes the sociologist Catarina Reis Oliveira, who analyzed the data on crimes published by the police authorities and crossed them with the immigration figures.

In an analysis made at the request of the newspaper Público the result is clear: in municipalities with the highest absolute number of foreigners, crime has decreased. On the other hand, the ratio of crimes per number of residents is lower in the municipalities where the immigrant population has the most impact.  

Municipalities where the immigrant population has a significant impact on the resident population are Vila do Bispo (immigrants represent 44% of the total population), Odemira (42%), Lisbon (29%) and Porto (14%).

If there were a direct relationship between immigration and crime, it would be expected that the increase in foreigners would be directly reflected in an increase in crimes recorded. However, ‘nothing more wrong,’ concludes the researcher.

Odemira – where almost half of the population originates from South Asia to work in agriculture – has over the last decade a lower proportion of crimes than that verified for the whole country, also distancing itself from the proportion of crimes recorded by total residents in Lisbon and Porto, municipalities that have a much lower impact of foreign residents.

In Odemira, in ten years, the proportion of crimes per inhabitant hardly changed (from 3.2 crimes per 100 residents in 2011 to 3.4 in 2023), whereas immigration skyrocketed. The data are much lower than in Lisbon and Porto, where the ratio last year was, respectively 5.9 and 5.8 crimes per 100 inhabitants.

What this analysis reveals is that ‘alarmist discourse is not supported by numbers’. In municipalities where the immigrant population hasn’t increased, crime has grown. In contrast, in places like Odimira, where the weight of immigrants is much higher, ‘crime numbers remain stable, even below the national average’.

The researcher concludes that ‘this deconstruction of the myth is essential to combat prejudice and hate. What really worries is the effect of this fallacious discourse, which is fostering an increase in violence against this vulnerable population.’


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Legacy

‘It is time black people have their voice’

As word of the family photo project of the African Diaspora spread last year, Chalo Correia, knew he had to be part of it. Originally from Angola, Correia’s more than three decades of living in Portugal had given him a feeling that he would never fully belong.

The musician saw the exhibition as a way to highlight Lisbon’s large and diverse community of African origin, a community deeply rooted in the country’s colonial history but still seen by many as outsiders. He selected three photos from the 70’s that showed him sitting with friends, a baptism and a family party.

They are part of a collaborative exhibition in Lisbon – on display in the Monument to the Discoveries (Padrão dos Descobrimentos) – offering an alternative to the images of one of Europe’s longest-lived colonial empires.

‘For me, there was need to create a counter-narrative, says Filipa Vicente, historian and researcher at the Institute of Social Science (ICS – ULisboa) to the Guardian. ‘Colonial photography often is a way of dehumanization, revealing people who are often nameless and photographed without consent.’

‘Each of the photographs are chosen by the families themselves’, explains Inocência Mata, professor of Literature, Arts and Cultures at the University of Lisbon, who co-curated the exhibition with Vicente. ‘It is important to show that Black people are not only objects, but also subjects of their history.’

While the family albums are personal– mostly dating back as far as 1975 and reflecting experiences of 35 families who were part of a wave of migration from the country’s former colonies – the footprint of Portugal’s empire is clearly visible. ‘We had such a late and absurd colonialism until the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974’, states Vicente. ‘These stories are very much present in our daily lives.’

The location of the exhibition in the Monument to the Discoveries – conceived as a means of glorifying Portugal’s colonial empire – proved controversial. Vicente and Mata, however, saw the opportunity to launch a ‘Trojan horse’, with the exhibition offering a chance to reinterpret one of the country’s most important colonial spaces from within.

The exhibition comes at a time as the country wrestles with the broader question of how to best address its colonial and slave trading past. Earlier this year, Portugal’s president Marcelo de Sousa, told reporters that that the country should ‘pay the costs’ for slavery and other colonial crimes, a suggestion that was immediately shot down by the centre-right coalition government.

Family Albums: Photographs of the African Diaspora in Greater Lisbon (1975 to today) until 30 November.

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Schooling

‘In Portugal, it is unacceptable to suggest that a child is better off at a special school’

Portugal has transferred almost all children in special education to ‘normal’ schools. In the Netherlands, the number of children in special schools actually increased in recent years. Follow the Money investigated the differences in both countries.

The inclusive approach in Portugal has been enshrined in a number of education laws. In 2008, the government decided to close special schools for primary and secondary education and to place students back into regular education.

With this new legislation, the school no longer needs a medical diagnosis to intervene. The focus now is on needs rather than diagnosis. If a child is acting hyperactive and has difficulty concentrating, he/she can get guidance from a school psychologist without a proper ADHD diagnosis.

Schools draw up an individual support plan for each child with special needs (learning delays, mental or physical problems) and are assisted by physiotherapists, psychologists, speech therapists or special-need teachers. In 2017 the number of pupils with special needs in regular education had doubled and nowadays almost all children with special needs (over 98%) go to regular schools.

Portuguese schools receive a fixed amount per student and can apply for extra money for children with special needs; to pay for psychologists, wheelchair lifts or teaching materials. Inclusive policies are not only aimed at students with special needs or disabilities. Extensive attention is also paid to the backgrounds and cultures of migrant children, who nowadays constitute 15% of the pupils in primary and secondary education.

Despite the many adjustments the schools have to make in the field of education (special-need teachers, therapists) and infrastructure (e.g. wheelchair accessibility), the country spends less on education than the Netherlands. Last year education expenditure in Portugal was exactly at the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) average of 5.1% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), while Dutch spending was 5.4%.

At the same time Portugal showed – according to the OECD – a positive trajectory on the international Pisa research, which compares the scores of 15-year olds in the fields of reading skills, mathematics and sciences.

Overall scores are falling in recent years, a trend that is visible in many countries. Possible explanations are migration, increasing inequality, use of smartphones and the impact of the corona epidemic.

In 2022, Portuguese children scored around the OECD average on all three parts, higher than at the start of Pisa in 2000. In reading skills, the Netherlands has been scoring worse than Portugal for the last five years and in mathematics and sciences, the Netherlands still has a slight advantage but the level drops faster than in Portugal.

The Dutch Education Inspectorate (Onderwijsraad) mentioned Portugal in their State of Education 2024 as an example of a country where inclusion is the norm. The Netherlands itself failed to achieve that goal.
Although the Dutch Appropriate Education Act from 2014 was intended to reduce the number of students in special education, their numbers only continue to increase.


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Fire

‘Wildfires, the nightmare we have to live with’

Nine people killed – including three firefighters – and more than 170 injured in wildfires ravaging the central and northern regions of the country; in the districts of Aveiro, Porto, Vila Real, Braga, Viseu and Coimbra.

The country’s civil protection service said that last week 54 wildfires were burning nationwide with 5,300 firefighters mobilized. France, Greece, Italy and Spain have sent water-bombing planes through the EU’s mutual assistance program. The fires forced the closure of two railway lines and several motorways, including part of the main road between Lisbon and Porto.

The area burned in mainland Portugal in one week exceeds 135,000 hectares according to the European Earth Observation Service Copernicus, which uses satellite images. In Aveiro alone, the fire consumed more than 10,000 hectares of forest and scrubland in just two days. 

Furthermore, as a result of the fires, carbon emissions (CO2) – used as an indicator to assess the intensity of fires – mounted to 1,9 megatons (million tons) announced Copernicus, the worst value for Portugal in 22 years.

After a wet start this year, Portugal recorded initially 50% fewer wildfires than last year, but extreme temperatures over last weekend amid exceptionally low humidity and strong winds have given rise to blazing fires, despite the government having increased fire-prevention funding by a factor of 10 and doubled its firefighting budget after the deadly wildfires in 2017 claimed 64 lives.

Since the 1st of January, the judicial police detained 42 persons suspected of having set forest fires; 9 of whom are women. Most arsonists act impulsively or when the opportunity arises and is based on emotional suffering (depression, anger, revenge, cognitive deficit) or the excitement of seeing it burn, says Cristina Soeiro, psychologist at the Judicial Police.

Portugal’s prime minister, Luis Montenegro, has said that the people suspected of starting some of the fires would feel the full force of the law, adding that he would ‘spare no effort in repressive action’ when it came to such crimes.

‘Make no mistake. These tragedies are no anomalies but becoming the norm for our shared future’ EU’s crisis management commissioner Janez Lenarčič recently declared in Strasbourg. ‘Europe is the fastest warming continent in the world and particularly vulnerable to extreme weather events.’

The good news for Portugal is that – in the meantime – rain has arrived but a collective approach to tackle the climate breakdown is further away than ever, as long as the world continues burning oil, gas and coal.  

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Seismic

‘Unfortunately nobody can predict the next earthquake’

On Monday morning August 26 at 05.11 the country was startled by an earthquake 58 kilometres west of Sines, in the district of Setúbal with a magnitude of 5.3 on the Richer scale. No personal or material damage was reported, although there were many phone calls from concerned people seeking information.

According to the National Emergency and Civil Protection Authority (ANEPC) in Oeiras, the earthquake had its epicentre at sea but no tsunami warning was given since the magnitude was less than 6.1.
The tremor was felt in several parts of the country but with greater intensity in Setubal and Lisbon.

‘Although this earthquake can be considered as moderate, one shouldn’t worry too much as the southern part of the country has always been seismic active’, says Joao Duarte, seismologist at IPMA, the Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere. But it definitely serves as a wake-up call to invest in risk reduction.

It has to do with two tectonic plates pushing against each other. The African plate moves northwest and lifts the Eurasian plate, which is moving to the east –  along the so-called Azores-Gibraltar fracture.
The earthquake has been classified as the biggest felt in Lisbon since 1969, which had a force of 7.9 and its epicentre 250 km away from Lisbon. That time 13 people died.  

The by far biggest terramoto was in 1755, with a magnitude of 9 on the Richter scale. It developed apocalyptic proportions and completely whipped out the lower part of Lisbon. In memory of that country’s main natural disaster, an Earthquake Museum (Museu do Terramoto) was recently opened in Belem.  

The mayor of Lisbon, Carlos Moedas, declared that ‘the City Council  has been ‘seismically’ assessing more than 1500 municipal buildings over the last two years and that only 10% of the buildings need anti-seismic reinforcement.’

However, almost 70% of Lisbon’s buildings were built before the seismic protection law in 1983, making the capital the second city with the highest seismic risk after Istanbul.

The weekly newspaper Expresso published, that 195,000 Lisbon residents live in homes that were not built to earthquake standards.
Mafra, says the newspaper, is the only municipality on the mainland that has a special ‘escape plan’ for the population in case of such a natural disaster.’

One can only hope not to be surprised by bigger earthquakes than the one that woke many of us up on that early morning of August 26.

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Forests

There are three European forests which emit more polluting gases than they absorb. One of them is Portuguese.

Carbon (CO2) absorption is one of the most essential functions of a forest. But in the last 20 years, three large areas of European forest have failed this important role and are effectively emitting more gases than absorbing. The Central region of Portugal is one of these areas with a negative balance. The other two are Les Landes in France and the Harz in Germany.

The Carbon Forest Project of the Journalism Fund Europe (www.journalismfund.eu) explored the three regions and analyzed how the detrimental forestry practices – like monocultures – imposed by forestry lobbies and systemic governmental failure, effectively have transformed these big forests into greenhouse gas emitters. Their common feature? All are vast areas of monoculture.

Research shows that such monoculture plantations lack the resilience needed to withstand climate change impacts, whether storms, fires or diseases. This vulnerability has led to substantial greenhouse gas emissions from these forests. Those harmful practices, however, are still frequently touted as highly lucrative and accompanied by misleading arguments about sustainability.

‘The native forest of our territory was essentially populated by oaks.’ Biologist Francisco Moreira, from the Higher Institute of Agronomy, explains why this has changed. ‘Much of the Portuguese forest today are monocultures of pine and eucalyptus because of the production of wood and woody products. However, one of the characteristics of Mediterranean oak forests is that they are better adapted to wildfires.

The Portuguese eucalyptus (gum tree) is in area one of the largest in the world. As the country is – with Brazil and China – one of the biggest producers of paper in the world pulp, the economic importance of the sector is undeniable. In 2022, 9% of the total exports came from the forestry sector, which is responsible for more than 100,000 jobs.

Consensus on the management and expansion of eucalyptus has long been at the centre of public debate. Gum trees are fast growing with a cutting cycle of 10 to 12 years, have valuable timber and are used for pulpwood or aromatic oils. In some countries, they have been removed because of the danger of wildfires due to their high flammability.

Looking at the data of the last two decades, the Portuguese forest has been a carbon sink for most years. The negative balance is created by the overwhelming increase in emissions in the years of major fires such as in 2003, 2005, 2013, 2016 and 2017 – the biggest one so far – and is especially visible in the central region of the country.

In 2018, American experts studied the most destructive and deadliest forest fire in the country’s history – claiming the lives of at least 67 people and destroying 20,000 hectares of forest – that had hit the central region of the country (Pedrógão) the year before. Behind the human tragedy, their report says, was the lack of forest management whereby the authors estimated that 80% of the Portuguese forest is not being managed properly.

Although the Portuguese forest is almost entirely (97%) in private hands, for many owners it remains a bad business. The immediate consequence of this disinterest is abandonment. Moreover, the lack of long-term prospects leads many owners to invest in fast-growing species that make a quick profit. This is the case with eucalyptus.


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Protest

‘Life is not all about making money’

Tourism accounts for 10% of the global GDP. The World Tourist Organisation (UNWTO) estimates the number of tourists at 1.5 billion this year. Sooner or later every popular tourist attraction will be confronted with protests from local residents.

After anti-tourism protests in Venice, on the Spanish island of Majorca and in Athens, the trendy capital of Greece, locals in Sintra – a World Heritage area on the Portuguese west coast – are calling for solutions to the annual rush of summer visitors, who make everyday life in the picturesque region a misery.

The association of residents QSintra, has launched an initiative this year to show how locals feel. Windows, balconies, cafes and restaurants are adorned with catchy posters, challenging the council to finally do something.

Just as Porto and Lisbon are starting to limit ‘tuk-tuks’ and hop on – hop off buses in their historic centre, Sintra too is calling for action.

Although the association points out that tourism is important, it should not downgrade the landscape, depopulate the area and jeopardize the daily lives of the inhabitants. ‘There are just too many visitors, and too many cars and buses winding their way along the narrow roads.

More than being against, we want to point out solutions’, declares Magdalena Martins, the president of QSintra. Sintra needs a lot of tourism but if we‘re not careful the chicken with the golden egg is being killed.’

The number of inhabitants in the historic centre of Sintra has been steadily decreasing from 3706 in 1991 to 2615 in 2021, whereas the amount of tourists – according to the number of visits at the Tourist Office – has increased to over half a million, while Parks de Sintra last year sold more than 3 million tickets to the various monuments in the area.

Martinho Pimentel, a resident who has lived in town for 24 years, has been noticing the increase in an uncontrolled way. ‘Tourism has had a brutal growth and is not minimally organized to live with residents’, he denounces looking at the many cars passing through his street. ‘Last week my front door was blocked because a car was parked there, I only managed to get into the house four hours later.’

He also notes that the vibration and air pollution caused by the vehicles are such that he is afraid they will cause damage, not only to people but also to historic buildings. ‘Tourism itself is not the problem but quality has fallen because of the uncontrollable increase in the number of tourists’, he sighs.

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Postcolonization-2

‘Repair is recognizing what history has denied us’

Portugal needs ‘to pay the cost’ of slavery and other colonial-era crimes, the country’s president Marcelo da Sousa declared at a recent dinner with foreign journalists. ‘The country takes full responsibility for the wrongs of the past and that those crimes – including colonial massacres – had costs.’

‘Are there goods that were looted and not returned? Let’s see how we can repair this. Acknowledging the past and taking responsibility for it is more important than apologizing. Apologizing is the easy part, you turn your back and the job is done.’ 

The president’s remarks came after the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Türk added his voice to the African and Caribbean countries calling for reparations to be made over slavery and colonization at the UN Forum on people of African descent in April.

The head of State further defended that Portugal has the ‘obligation’ to ‘lead the ‘reparation process’ to the countries that were colonized. He noted that this process does not have to go through ‘paying compensation.’ Reparations could be made by cancelling the debts of former colonies or introducing credit lines, financial packages or special cooperation programmes.

Portugal’s new centre-right government severely disapproved the president’s suggestion of slavery reparations, declaring that ‘ there was and is no process or programme’ for paying reparations for the Portuguese colonial past. The government’s line is and will be: deepening mutual relations, respect for historical truth and intense and close cooperation, based on the reconciliation of brotherly peoples.’

The president’s comments elicited above all strong criticism from rightwing and far-right parties in Parliament. Paulo Núncio, the leader of the Christian Democrats (CDS) and junior partner in the Democratic Alliance government, said ‘his party does not need to revisit colonial legacies and reparation duties.’ André Ventura, the leader of the far-right Chega party went even further by calling the president’s behaviour ‘a betrayal of the Portuguese people.’

The minister of Racial Equality of Brazil Anielle Franco on the other hand warmly welcomed the forceful statement of the Portuguese president and called for concrete actions and payment of reparations for past mistakes.

Her declaration was fully supported by the Marielle Franco Institute and the Centre for Labor Relations and Inequalities Studies. ‘The Portuguese expansion is inseparable from slavery. The absolute absence of positioning on the part of Portugal, and the lack of concrete measures of reparation to the Brazilian black population for the profound damage caused by enslavement and transatlantic trafficking are faults that need to be remedied.’ 

Meanwhile, the Angolan historian Alberto Pinto considers it ’impossible and even absurd’ to make a calculation today of the tragic costs of history. ‘It is better to teach the history of Africa in schools. Knowledge about the history of slavery is important. Returning assets, asking for forgiveness or paying debts are things common people do not think about, that only has to do with certain political interests.’

Epsy Campbell Barr, former Costa Rica vice-president and chairwoman of the UN Forum for people of African descent, agrees that it should be mandatory to teach the history of slavery in schools, but disagrees with regard to repairs. ‘Repair is recognizing what history has denied us.’ 

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